MS-PS2-1 · Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions

Design the
crash

A car hits a concrete barrier at 35 mph. You cannot change the forces — Newton's third law fixes those. You can only change how long the crash lasts. Your job is to keep the person inside alive.

01

The forces you cannot change

Pick two vehicles and send them head-on into each other. Watch what happens to the forces, and what happens to the accelerations.

Vehicle A
Vehicle B

Force on A from B

newtons

Acceleration of A

g

Force on B from A

newtons

Acceleration of B

g
02

Design the car

Now a single car hits a fixed barrier at 35 mph — the standard frontal test. The car must stop. The person must stop too. You decide over what distance each of them does it.

Crumple zone length
0.60 m
Front structure that folds on impact

Longer crumple zone means the car takes more time to stop. It also makes the car longer and costs more to build.

Restraint system

The car stopping is not the same as the person stopping. A restraint decides how far the person travels before they are stopped too.

Design criteria

Peak on occupant under 35 g
Crumple zone 0.90 m or less
Build cost under $2,400

Cost

dollars
03

The crash pulse

This is what an accelerometer records. The area under the curve is the same every time — the car always goes from 35 mph to zero. All you are changing is whether that happens over a short, tall spike or a long, low hill.

Peak on occupant

g

Crash duration

milliseconds
Run a test to see the result.
Test log
04

Check it against real cars

A model is only useful if it behaves like the thing it represents. Compare your numbers to what engineers actually measure in these tests.

Measured in real barrier testsValue
Standard frontal test speed56 km/h (35 mph)
Typical peak deceleration, passenger car~25 g
Typical crash pulse duration65–130 ms
Peak deceleration spread across vehicle classes~11 g

Figures from published analyses of NHTSA and Transport Canada full-frontal rigid barrier tests — one study analysed 1,094 crash tests using 2,795 accelerometers mounted in the occupant compartment. Your simulation is a simplified model built to match these conditions. It is not itself measured data.

Does your model agree? If your best design produces a duration outside 65–130 ms or a peak far from 25 g, either your design is unrealistic or the model is too simple. Say which you think it is, and why.
05

Justify your design

You are recommending one design to a manufacturer. Defend it with your test log.

The design I recommend

State the crumple zone length and restraint system, and give the peak g and duration it produced.

Why it works — use Newton's third law

The car and the barrier always push on each other with equal and opposite forces. So what is your design actually changing, if it is not the size of the force?

What you gave up

Every design trades something. Which criterion was hardest to meet, and what did you sacrifice to meet it?